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What (who) is lower meridian passage - definition
![The astronomic prime meridian at Greenwich, England. The geodetic prime meridian is actually 102.478 meters east of this point since the adoption of [[WGS84]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prime meridian.jpg?width=200 "The astronomic prime meridian at Greenwich, England. The geodetic prime meridian is actually 102.478 meters east of this point since the adoption of [[WGS84]].")
![Shetland Islands]], the most northerly parts of Scotland and the United Kingdom. Shetland lies 1° W of the prime meridian.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Britannica Figure of the Earth.jpg?width=200 "Shetland Islands]], the most northerly parts of Scotland and the United Kingdom. Shetland lies 1° W of the prime meridian.")
![Royal Observatory]], marking the original Greenwich Prime meridian.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Greenwich observatory laser.jpg?width=200 "Royal Observatory]], marking the original Greenwich Prime meridian.")
![A [[GPS]] receiver at the marking strip of the Greenwich meridian. The indicated longitude is not exactly zero because the ''geodetic'' zero meridian on a geocentric reference ellipsoid (which is what GPS positioning yields, using the [[IERS Reference Meridian]]) is 102 metres east of this strip.<ref name="RMG what"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Greenwichmer1.jpg?width=200 "A [[GPS]] receiver at the marking strip of the Greenwich meridian. The indicated longitude is not exactly zero because the ''geodetic'' zero meridian on a geocentric reference ellipsoid (which is what GPS positioning yields, using the [[IERS Reference Meridian]]) is 102 metres east of this strip.<ref name=\"RMG what\"/>")
Wikipedia
In observational astronomy, culmination is the passage of a celestial object (such as the Sun, the Moon, a planet, a star, constellation or a deep-sky object) across the observer's local meridian. These events were also known as meridian transits, used in timekeeping and navigation, and measured precisely using a transit telescope.
During each day, every celestial object appears to move along a circular path on the celestial sphere due to the Earth's rotation creating two moments when it crosses the meridian. Except at the geographic poles, any celestial object passing through the meridian has an upper culmination, when it reaches its highest point (the moment when it is nearest to the Zenith), and nearly twelve hours later, is followed by a lower culmination, when it reaches its lowest point (nearest to the Nadir). The time of culmination (when the object culminates) is often used to mean upper culmination.
An object's altitude (A) in degrees at its upper culmination is equal to 90 minus the observer's latitude (L) plus the object's declination (δ): A = 90° − L + δ.
